Vital signs are a group of key measurements that reflect the body’s most basic functions. They include body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and pulse oxygenation. Together, they provide important clues about a person’s overall health and can help identify potential medical problems.
Body Temperature
Body temperature measures the heat produced by the body. It is usually taken orally, though rectal or underarm readings are also common. A normal adult range is roughly 97.6°F to 99.6°F (36.5°C to 37.5°C).
Heart Rate
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute, typically measured by feeling the pulse at the wrist or neck. For adults, a normal resting heart rate is generally 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Respiratory Rate
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute, usually observed by watching the chest rise and fall. A typical adult range is 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure measures the force of blood against artery walls and is commonly taken on the arm with a sphygmomanometer. Normal adult blood pressure is approximately 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg.
Pulse Oxygenation
Pulse oxygenation indicates the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood. It is measured with a small clip-on device called a pulse oximeter. Normal levels typically range from 95 percent to 100 percent.
Vital signs can be influenced by age, sex, activity level, and underlying health conditions. Knowing your own baseline readings makes it easier to spot changes that might signal a health concern.