As of 2022, scientists recognize six lion species or subspecies: Panthera leo leo (Northern Lion), P. l. nubica (Nubian Lion), P. l. senegalensis (West African Lion), P. l. azandica (Northeastern Congo Lion), P. l. krugeri (Southern Lion), and P. l. persica (Asiatic Lion). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies lions as vulnerable, meaning they face serious threats including habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade.