Natural Causes
Starvation: Wolves can die from lack of food, especially during harsh winters or unsuccessful hunts.
Disease: Wolves are susceptible to rabies, distemper, and parasites.
Old age: Wild wolves average 6 to 8 years, though they can live longer in captivity.
Predation: Although apex predators, wolves—especially young or injured ones—can be killed by bears, mountain lions, or larger wolf packs.
Human-Related Causes
Hunting and trapping: Historically widespread and still practiced in some areas to control populations or protect livestock.
Habitat loss and fragmentation: Human development and agriculture disrupt packs and make food harder to find.
Vehicle collisions: Wolves in high-traffic areas risk being hit by cars.
Poisons: Intentional or accidental poisoning remains a threat.
Other Factors
Competition: Wolves compete with coyotes, bears, and other predators for resources.
Climate change: Shifting weather patterns can alter food sources and habitat.
Wolves are resilient, and populations can recover with conservation efforts and habitat protection.