Seahorses are vulnerable to many marine predators because they are weak swimmers and lack protective spines. Their main predators include:
- Fish such as tuna, swordfish, and mackerel.
- Birds, including cormorants, pelicans, and gulls.
- Marine mammals like seals and dolphins.
- Crustaceans including shrimp and crabs.
- Cephalopods such as squid and octopuses.
- Other seahorses, particularly larger species that prey on smaller ones.