Wolf pup characteristics vary by species and environment, but general traits include:
- Litter size: Usually 4 to 6 pups, but can range from 1 to 11.
- Birth weight and size: Around 1 pound and 12 inches long; born blind and deaf, relying on the mother.
- Physical appearance: Grayish fur with a dark dorsal stripe and blue eyes that turn golden or amber as they mature.
- Growth and development: Pups crawl at about 2 weeks, walk at 3 to 4 weeks, and run and play by 6 to 8 weeks. They are weaned at 2 to 3 months and begin eating solid food.
- Social development: Pups learn communication, hunting, and pack hierarchy by interacting with littermates and parents.
- Pack dynamics: Raised in a pack that provides protection, food, and social structure.
- Maturity and independence: Sexually mature around 2 years, but typically leave the pack at 3 to 4 years to find territory and form new packs.
- Lifespan: Average 6 to 8 years in the wild; up to 15 years in captivity.